Buffer solution
Buffer solution The literal meaning of buffer is that the person or thing that bears the shock. “The solution that resists the change in its
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS A reversible reaction tends to proceed in both directions, i.e., forward direction and backward direction, and is never completed. It means
Work done in various thermodynamic processes and the Carnot heat engine
WORK DONE IN VARIOUS THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES There are only two ways to transfer energy between a system and its surroundings. 1) heat and 2) work.
THERMODYNAMICS, ENTROPY, AND GIBBS FREE ENERGY
Joule first time demonstrated that work can be converted into heat and vice versa. After the detailed research on Joule’s demonstration, it is concluded that
Internal Energy and Enthalpy
INTERNAL ENERGY (E or U) Internal energy: The internal energy of a system is the total energy stored within the system due to the microscopic
Heat capacity and degrees of freedom
DEFINITION: The total number of coordinates required to describe the position of a particle in space is called the degree of freedom. Or the ways
THERMODYNAMICS
It is a combination of two words, thermo ‘heat’ and dynamics ‘flow’, meaning flow of heat. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the
Yield
YIELD The amount of product obtained from a chemical reaction is referred to as the yield. THEORETICAL YIELD The maximum amount of the product that
Molar Mass
MOLAR MASS The mass of one mole of any substance (atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units) expressed in grams is called molar mass. The standard
Limiting and Excess Reagent
LIMITING REACTANT (LIMITING REAGENT) The limiting reactant is the reactant in a chemical reaction that is completely consumed or used first. Once this reactant is